{"id":3902,"date":"2025-11-10T10:50:53","date_gmt":"2025-11-10T10:50:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/eduwisor.com\/blog\/?p=3902"},"modified":"2025-11-10T12:51:44","modified_gmt":"2025-11-10T12:51:44","slug":"cost-of-medical-studies-in-russia-complete-2025-fee-breakdown","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/eduwisor.com\/blog\/cost-of-medical-studies-in-russia-complete-2025-fee-breakdown\/","title":{"rendered":"Cost of Medical Studies in Russia: Complete 2025 Fee Breakdown"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/eduwisor.com\/blog\/cost-of-medical-studies-in-russia-complete-2025-fee-breakdown\/#Introduction_Is_MBBS_in_Russia_Affordable\" >Introduction: Is MBBS in Russia Affordable?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/eduwisor.com\/blog\/cost-of-medical-studies-in-russia-complete-2025-fee-breakdown\/#Medical_Studies_in_Russia_%E2%80%93_Tuition_Fees_2025\" >Medical Studies in Russia \u2013 Tuition Fees (2025)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/eduwisor.com\/blog\/cost-of-medical-studies-in-russia-complete-2025-fee-breakdown\/#Living_Expenses_in_Russia_Monthly\" >Living Expenses in Russia (Monthly)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/eduwisor.com\/blog\/cost-of-medical-studies-in-russia-complete-2025-fee-breakdown\/#Total_6-Year_cost_of_Medical_Studies_in_Russia\" >Total 6-Year cost of Medical Studies in Russia<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/eduwisor.com\/blog\/cost-of-medical-studies-in-russia-complete-2025-fee-breakdown\/#Hidden_Costs_to_Consider\" >Hidden Costs to Consider<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/eduwisor.com\/blog\/cost-of-medical-studies-in-russia-complete-2025-fee-breakdown\/#How_to_Reduce_Costs_Money-Saving_Tips\" >How to Reduce Costs? (Money-Saving Tips)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/eduwisor.com\/blog\/cost-of-medical-studies-in-russia-complete-2025-fee-breakdown\/#Scholarships_for_Medical_Students\" >Scholarships for Medical Students<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/eduwisor.com\/blog\/cost-of-medical-studies-in-russia-complete-2025-fee-breakdown\/#Is_MBBS_in_Russia_Worth_the_Cost\" >Is MBBS in Russia Worth the Cost?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/eduwisor.com\/blog\/cost-of-medical-studies-in-russia-complete-2025-fee-breakdown\/#FAQs\" >FAQs<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/eduwisor.com\/blog\/cost-of-medical-studies-in-russia-complete-2025-fee-breakdown\/#Conclusion_of_Medical_Studies_in_Russia\" >Conclusion of Medical Studies in Russia<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Introduction_Is_MBBS_in_Russia_Affordable\"><\/span><strong>Introduction: Is MBBS in Russia Affordable?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Medical Studies in Russia is one of the <strong>most budget-friendly destinations<\/strong>, offering <strong>globally recognized degrees at 50-70% lower costs<\/strong> than Western countries or Indian private colleges.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This guide covers:<br>\u2705 <strong>Tuition fees at top medical universities<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong>\u2705 <strong>Living costs (hostel, food, insurance)<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong>\u2705 <strong>Hidden expenses to consider<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong>\u2705 <strong>Scholarships &amp; cost-saving tips<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Medical_Studies_in_Russia_%E2%80%93_Tuition_Fees_2025\"><\/span><strong>Medical Studies in Russia \u2013 Tuition Fees (2025)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. Government Medical Universities (Most Affordable)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>University<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Annual Tuition Fee (USD)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>INR Equivalent (\u20b9)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Crimea Federal University<\/td><td>3,000\u22123,500<\/td><td>\u20b92.5 &#8211; \u20b93 Lakhs<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Bashkir State Medical University<\/td><td>3,200\u22123,800<\/td><td>\u20b92.7 &#8211; \u20b93.2 Lakhs<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Siberian State Medical University<\/td><td>3,500\u22124,200<\/td><td>\u20b93 &#8211; \u20b93.5 Lakhs<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. Mid-Range Universities<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>| Kazan Federal University | 4,500\u22125,500 | \u20b93.8 &#8211; \u20b94.6 Lakhs |<br>| St. Petersburg State Pediatric University | 5,000\u22126,000 | \u20b94.2 &#8211; \u20b95 Lakhs |<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3. Premium Universities (Moscow\/St. Petersburg)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>| Sechenov University (Moscow) | 7,000\u22129,000 | \u20b95.8 &#8211; \u20b97.5 Lakhs |<br>| RUDN University (Moscow) | 6,500\u22128,000 | \u20b95.4 &#8211; \u20b96.7 Lakhs |<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Living_Expenses_in_Russia_Monthly\"><\/span><strong>Living Expenses in Russia (Monthly)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Expense<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Budget (USD)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>INR (\u20b9)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Hostel (Shared Room)<\/strong><\/td><td>50\u2212150<\/td><td>\u20b94,000 &#8211; \u20b912,500<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Private Rent (1BHK)<\/strong><\/td><td>200\u2212400<\/td><td>\u20b916,000 &#8211; \u20b933,000<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Food (Groceries + Eating Out)<\/strong><\/td><td>100\u2212200<\/td><td>\u20b98,000 &#8211; \u20b916,000<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Transport (Metro\/Bus Pass)<\/strong><\/td><td>10\u221220<\/td><td>\u20b9800 &#8211; \u20b91,600<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Health Insurance<\/strong><\/td><td>15\u221230<\/td><td>\u20b91,200 &#8211; \u20b92,500<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Miscellaneous (Books, Mobile, etc.)<\/strong><\/td><td>50\u2212100<\/td><td>\u20b94,000 &#8211; \u20b98,000<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Total Monthly Cost:<\/strong> 300\u2212<strong>700 (\u20b925,000 &#8211; \u20b958,000)<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong><em>(Lower in small cities like Kazan vs. expensive Moscow)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Total_6-Year_cost_of_Medical_Studies_in_Russia\"><\/span><strong>Total 6-Year cost of Medical Studies in Russia<\/strong> <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>University Tier<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Tuition (6 Years)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Living Costs (6 Years)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Total Estimated Cost<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Budget (Crimea\/Bashkir)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u20b915 &#8211; \u20b920 Lakhs<\/td><td>\u20b912 &#8211; \u20b918 Lakhs<\/td><td><strong>\u20b927 &#8211; \u20b938 Lakhs<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Mid-Range (Kazan\/St. Pete)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u20b922 &#8211; \u20b930 Lakhs<\/td><td>\u20b915 &#8211; \u20b922 Lakhs<\/td><td><strong>\u20b937 &#8211; \u20b952 Lakhs<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Premium (Moscow)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u20b935 &#8211; \u20b945 Lakhs<\/td><td>\u20b925 &#8211; \u20b935 Lakhs<\/td><td><strong>\u20b960 &#8211; \u20b980 Lakhs<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Note: 1 USD \u2248 \u20b983 (2024 conversion rate)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Hidden_Costs_to_Consider\"><\/span><strong>Hidden Costs to Consider<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Visa &amp; Documentation<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Visa fee: 100\u2212150 (\u20b98,000 &#8211; \u20b912,000)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Medical tests: 50\u2212100 (\u20b94,000 &#8211; \u20b98,000)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Flight Tickets<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>India-Russia round trip: \u20b930,000 &#8211; \u20b950,000\/year<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Winter Clothing<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Heavy jackets, boots: \u20b910,000 &#8211; \u20b920,000 (one-time)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>FMGE\/NExT Coaching (For India Practice)<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Online courses: \u20b920,000 &#8211; \u20b950,000<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_to_Reduce_Costs_Money-Saving_Tips\"><\/span><strong>How to Reduce Costs? (Money-Saving Tips)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\ud83d\udcb0 <strong>Choose universities in smaller cities<\/strong> (Lower living costs than Moscow)<br>\ud83d\udcb0 <strong>Cook Indian meals<\/strong> (Saves 40% vs eating out)<br>\ud83d\udcb0 <strong>Share apartments<\/strong> (Cuts rent by 50%)<br>\ud83d\udcb0 <strong>Use student discounts<\/strong> (Public transport, museums, etc.)<br>\ud83d\udcb0 <strong>Buy second-hand books<\/strong> (Saves \u20b95,000-\u20b910,000\/year)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Scholarships_for_Medical_Students\"><\/span><strong>Scholarships for Medical Students<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Russian Government Scholarships<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Covers 100% tuition at select universities<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Requires excellent academics (80%+ in 12th)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>University Merit Scholarships<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Kazan Federal: 20% fee waiver for 90%+ in PCB<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>RUDN University: 15-30% discount for top NEET scorers<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Indian Student Associations<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Need-based aid for deserving candidates<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Is_MBBS_in_Russia_Worth_the_Cost\"><\/span><strong>Is MBBS in Russia Worth the Cost?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2714 <strong>Yes, if:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>You want a <strong>globally valid degree at 1\/3rd the cost<\/strong> of India\u2019s private colleges<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>You plan to <strong>practice abroad or pursue PG in Europe\/USA<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>You\u2019re comfortable with <strong>cold weather and cultural adaptation<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u274c <strong>No, if:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>You expect <strong>luxury campus facilities<\/strong> (Russian hostels are basic)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>You\u2019re not willing to <strong>learn basic Russian<\/strong> for clinical practice<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"FAQs\"><\/span><strong>FAQs<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Q1. What is the cheapest medical university in Russia?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A: <strong>Crimea Federal University<\/strong> (\u20b92.5 Lakhs\/year tuition).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Q2. Can I work part-time to cover expenses?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A: Yes (20 hours\/week legally), but <strong>not recommended<\/strong> due to heavy coursework.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Q3. Are there any installment payment options?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A: Most universities allow <strong>2-term fee payments<\/strong> (50% each semester).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Q4. How much extra should I budget for emergencies?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A: Keep \u20b950,000 &#8211; \u20b91 Lakh as backup for health\/urgent travel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Q5. Is the degree valid in India after spending \u20b930-40 lakhs?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A: Yes, if you clear <strong>FMGE\/NExT<\/strong> (Pass rate: ~30% for Indian students).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion_of_Medical_Studies_in_Russia\"><\/span><strong>Conclusion of Medical Studies in Russia<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Russia offers <strong>the best cost-to-quality ratio<\/strong> for MBBS abroad, with total expenses <strong>30-50% cheaper than Indian private colleges<\/strong>. While <strong>Crimea Federal and Bashkir State<\/strong> provide the most budget-friendly options, <strong>Kazan and Sechenov<\/strong> offer better infrastructure at mid-range prices.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/eduwisor.com\/country.php?id=Georgia\">Eduwisor<\/a>&nbsp;always guides students toward the right path with an unbiased approach. You can follow us on<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCS3GhdRRg0wQQ3LhYgr1OBw\">&nbsp;Youtube<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/eduwisor.consultancy\/\">&nbsp;Facebook<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/eduwisor\/\">&nbsp;Instagram<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/eduwisor\">&nbsp;Twitter<\/a>, and<a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/eduwisor-education-consultancy\/\">&nbsp;Linkedin<\/a>. Stay tuned for regular updates.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Interested in applying?<\/strong>&nbsp;Contact authorized Eduwisor consultant for a smooth admission process!<br>Act NOW\u2014limited seats for 2025 intake! Call\/WhatsApp: 9326395883\/ 9076036383<br><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduction: Is MBBS in Russia Affordable? Medical Studies in Russia is one of the most budget-friendly destinations, offering globally recognized degrees at 50-70% lower costs than Western countries or Indian private colleges. This guide covers:\u2705 Tuition fees at top medical universities\u2705 Living costs (hostel, food, insurance)\u2705 Hidden expenses to consider\u2705 Scholarships &amp; cost-saving tips Medical [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3913,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[285,7117,7189,8,9,541,2,560,571,7192,7191,7190],"class_list":["post-3902","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-mbbs-in-russia","tag-affordable-mbbs","tag-cheapest-mbbs-in-russia","tag-cost-of-medical-studies-in-russia","tag-eduwisor","tag-eduwisor-mbbs","tag-mbbs-fees-in-russia","tag-mbbs-in-russia","tag-medical-education-cost","tag-russia-medical-college-fees","tag-russia-student-expenses","tag-study-abroad-budget","tag-study-mbbs-abroad-cost"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/eduwisor.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3902","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/eduwisor.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/eduwisor.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eduwisor.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eduwisor.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3902"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/eduwisor.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3902\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3903,"href":"https:\/\/eduwisor.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3902\/revisions\/3903"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eduwisor.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3913"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/eduwisor.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3902"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eduwisor.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3902"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eduwisor.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3902"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}